Kosakata TOEFL 11: Advanced Academic Verbs

corroborate (v) — mengukuhkan, memperkuat bukti

to confirm or support a statement with additional evidence

The witness's testimony corroborated the physical evidence found at the scene.

refute (v) — membantah, menyangkal

to prove a statement or theory to be wrong

The new study refuted the long-held assumption about the drug's side effects.

substantiate (v) — membuktikan dengan bukti

to provide evidence to support a claim

The researchers were unable to substantiate their initial hypothesis.

delineate (v) — menggambarkan secara rinci

to describe or outline something precisely

The report delineates the specific steps required to implement the new policy.

extrapolate (v) — memperkirakan berdasarkan data

to estimate or conclude by extending known data

Economists extrapolated future growth trends from the current quarter's data.

reconcile (v) — mendamaikan, menyelaraskan

to make two seemingly conflicting things compatible

The author attempts to reconcile these two competing theories in the final chapter.

undermine (v) — melemahkan, merongrong

to weaken or damage something gradually

The scandal undermined public confidence in the institution.

galvanize (v) — menggerakkan, memicu semangat

to shock or excite someone into action

The disaster galvanized the community into organizing a relief effort.

mitigate (v) — meredakan, mengurangi dampak

to make something less severe or harmful

The new regulations aim to mitigate the environmental impact of construction.

exacerbate (v) — memperparah

to make a problem or situation worse

The delayed response exacerbated an already difficult situation.

discern (v) — membedakan, mencermati

to perceive or recognize something, often with difficulty

It was difficult to discern any clear pattern in the scattered data.

subvert (v) — menggulingkan secara diam-diam

to undermine the authority or power of an established system

The novel subtly subverts traditional expectations of the genre.