Kosakata TOEFL 18: Advanced Law & Ethics
Pelajari 12 kata berikut beserta arti dan contoh kalimatnya, lalu uji ingatanmu lewat kuis di bagian bawah.
litigation (n) — litigasi
the process of taking legal action
The company faced years of costly litigation over the patent dispute.
precedent (n) — preseden
an earlier legal decision used as a guide for later cases
The ruling set an important precedent for future cases.
testimony (n) — kesaksian
a formal statement given as evidence
The witness's testimony was crucial to the prosecution's case.
culpable (adj) — bersalah, patut dipersalahkan
deserving blame for a wrongful act
The court found the company culpable for the environmental damage.
jurisprudence (n) — yurisprudensi
the theory or philosophy of law
Her research focuses on constitutional jurisprudence.
equitable (adj) — adil, setara
fair and impartial
The judge sought an equitable resolution for both parties.
tenet (n) — prinsip, asas
a core belief or principle held to be true
Due process is a fundamental tenet of the legal system.
arbitrary (adj) — sewenang-wenang
based on random choice rather than reason or system
Critics argued the sentencing guidelines were applied arbitrarily.
mandate (v) — mewajibkan
to officially require something
The new law mandates regular safety inspections.
liable (adj) — bertanggung jawab secara hukum
legally responsible for something
The manufacturer was held liable for the defective product.
discretion (n) — diskresi, kebijaksanaan
the freedom to decide what should be done in a situation
Judges are often granted discretion in sentencing decisions.
impartial (adj) — tidak memihak
treating all parties equally, without bias
The mediator remained impartial throughout the negotiation.
Kuis
1. What does 'precedent' most nearly mean?
- An earlier legal decision used as a guide for later cases
- A type of criminal punishment
- A formal written contract
- A legal fee
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan
Jawaban: A. An earlier legal decision used as a guide for later cases
'Precedent' berarti keputusan hukum sebelumnya yang dijadikan acuan.
2. The court found the company ___ for the environmental damage.
- liable
- impartial
- equitable
- culpable
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan
Jawaban: D. culpable
'Culpable' berarti patut dipersalahkan atas suatu tindakan salah.
3. What does 'jurisprudence' most nearly mean?
- A financial penalty
- A type of criminal trial
- The theory or philosophy of law
- A written legal contract
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan
Jawaban: C. The theory or philosophy of law
'Jurisprudence' berarti teori/filosofi hukum.
4. The judge sought an ___ resolution for both parties.
- liable
- equitable
- arbitrary
- culpable
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan
Jawaban: B. equitable
'Equitable' berarti adil dan tidak memihak.
5. What does 'tenet' most nearly mean?
- A type of legal punishment
- A formal court document
- A financial contract
- A core belief or principle held to be true
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan
Jawaban: D. A core belief or principle held to be true
'Tenet' berarti prinsip/asas inti yang diyakini benar.
6. Critics argued the sentencing guidelines were applied ___.
- mandatorily
- equitably
- arbitrarily
- impartially
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan
Jawaban: C. arbitrarily
'Arbitrarily' berarti secara sewenang-wenang, tanpa dasar yang konsisten.
7. What does 'discretion' most nearly mean?
- A type of criminal offense
- A formal written apology
- A mandatory legal requirement
- The freedom to decide what should be done in a situation
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan
Jawaban: D. The freedom to decide what should be done in a situation
'Discretion' berarti kebebasan memutuskan sesuai penilaian sendiri.
8. The mediator remained ___ throughout the negotiation.
- liable
- impartial
- culpable
- arbitrary
Lihat jawaban dan pembahasan
Jawaban: B. impartial
'Impartial' berarti memperlakukan semua pihak secara setara tanpa bias.